Which of the following is NOT an effect of punishment?

The correct answer highlights that increasing the future frequency of a behavior is not an effect of punishment. In the context of behavior analysis, punishment is intended to reduce the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. When punishment is applied, it typically results in a decrease in the targeted behavior, rather than an increase.

Punishment can indeed lead to various side effects, such as avoidance of situations where punishment may occur, and it can also induce fear and anxiety in the individual being punished. However, the primary function of punishment is not to increase behaviors but to decrease them. Hence, the notion that punishment increases the future frequency of a behavior is fundamentally inconsistent with the principles of operant conditioning.