What does the term "motivating operations" (MO) refer to in behavioral analysis?

The term "motivating operations" (MO) refers to a process that alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer and the frequency of the behavior associated with that reinforcer. In essence, an MO increases or decreases the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer, impacting how likely an individual is to engage in a behavior that leads to that reinforcer.

For example, if an individual is deprived of food, the value of food as a reinforcer increases, making behaviors that lead to food more likely to occur. Conversely, if the individual has just eaten, the value of food as a reinforcer decreases, which may lead to a lower likelihood of behaviors aimed at obtaining food.

This concept is critical in behavior analysis as it helps practitioners understand the reasons behind changes in behavior and optimize reinforcement strategies, thereby guiding effective interventions.